Barilla Case Study: The Underlying Factors In Operation Management

case analysis| MGSM890 Operations Management| | Thursday 9 AM class | Term 3, 2012 Deepika Choudhary | 42621186 | Question 1. What fundamental elements are driving the wholesalers request examples to look the manner in which they do in Exhibit 12, and the DC deals, stock and stock-out levels in Exhibit 13?The basic factors that are driving the merchants request examples to look the manner in which they do are principally because of outrageous interest changes where it was week to week variety in merchants request designs because of which Barilla endured expanding operational wasteful aspects and cost penalties.The significant reasons that represent request vacillation are â€excessive special exercises, volume rebate, transportation limits, no restriction all together amounts from merchants or worked out requesting systems for retailers, item expansions, poor client care rates, poor correspondence and absence of refined estimating procedures or systematic instruments at wholesalers end.The strategy received to check this interest change was in two different ways; one with abundance FG stock to satisfy wholesalers need and second extra stock at wholesalers stockrooms. Anyway this strategy appropriation prompted sway in †overburdened fabricating and calculated activity, poor item conveyance, diminishing of retailers/merchants edge, expanded stock conveying cost, unforeseen interest, and bull whip impact in the whole flexibly chain.Whereas the foundations for bullwhip impact was because of errors sought after anticipating, long lead times, swelled requests in high evaluated request situations, and, cost vacillation because of limited time exercises and request clustering (to lessen requesting costs, to exploit transportation economies, for example, full truck load, deals motivating forces and forward purchasing because of special exercises to get profit by lower price).Thus to balance the bull-whip impact four key choices got critical, which are, to: decrea se inconstancy (consistently or year around low estimating), decrease lead times (data lead times: EDI and request lead times: Cross Docking), lessen vulnerability (POS, sharing and incorporating request data) and key organizations (brisk reaction, persistent recharges and seller oversaw stock (VMI)) different variables are as per the following: Orders put once every week †most wholesalers (GDs and Dos) checked the stock levels and put orders with Barilla once every week which was not inlined with the pace of interest variety * Average lead time ten schedule days †request once positioned would be sent by Barilla to the wholesaler through the span of the week that began eight days after the request was put and finished fourteen days after the request was set; which was perceived as a bottleneck for merchants * Usage of basic occasional audit stock frameworks †merchants putting orders on a week by week reason for those items whose levels fell underneath a predefined reo rder level, which made their requesting framework out of date * Computer-bolstered requesting frameworks †which the entirety of the wholesalers had however absence of advanced guaging frameworks or expository instruments for deciding request amounts for future interest * Holding immense current stock levels †wholesalers and retailers conveying enormous current inventories followed by demands from Barilla (assembling and coordinations individual) to convey extra stock (to hold merchandise purchased on an advancement, including amount limits, truckload limits and canvas period limits) to hose the vacillation in dispersion arranges; this brought about extra expenses to their working frameworks * Retail stock weight †retailers acknowledging space mash in their stores and stockrooms to convey huge inventories; restricted rack space in retail outlets; ceaseless dispatch of new items and accomplish best rack show; which fortified wholesalers mentality and felt comparative st rain to build stock of things they previously supplied and to include things they as of now didn't convey to their item contributions * Lack of good help from wholesalers to its retailers †Exhibit 13 (on the off chance that review) portrays the gigantic stockouts that Dos experienced in 1989 in spite of holding two or three weeks of inventory.This reflects absence of Dos effective employment adjusting to its retailers * Plant has high item change over expenses since Barilla has either wasteful creation or overabundance completed products stock * Utilization of focal dissemination is low as far as laborers and equipment’s Question 2. In what manner may they be tended to? Will the proposed JITD framework tackle the issue? The fundamental factors in the conventional methodology of request satisfaction directly affected produces and retailers through diminishing edges. Along these lines, to address these variables an elective methodology of item conveyance was critical and f urthermore to remove costs from appropriation channel without trading off service.This was presented by Brando Vitali’s JITD (Just-In-Time-Distribution) proposition, which concentrated exclusively on dry items to be sold through merchants. This methodology was additionally expected to drastically change the manner by which Barilla’s coordinations oversaw item conveyance with JITD acquiring its two key ideas of: supplanting consecutive enhancement with worldwide streamlining and disposing of a portion of the â€Å"false† economies that drive customary requesting forms. The significant difficulties of the conventional and talk coordinations and appropriation channel were: * Extreme interest changes †Barillas dry items frequently swung uncontrollably from week to week making outrageous interest inconstancy in distributors’ request designs and furthermore for Barilla’s assembling and coordinations tasks (since 1980s). Merchants deals volumes varie ty †to oversee request and gracefully among little wholesalers request and huge merchants request by anticipating and keeping a mind what is required and where it is required and when it is required * Pressures to assembling as far as creation lead-time and perishability of item * High Inventory Carrying Cost and assembling cost due operational wasteful aspects * Unacceptable Cycle Service Levels (CSL)â€inadequate item accessibility * Distributors’ failure to convey huge number of SKUs The proposed JITD framework will help to, first, decide the amounts and conveyance calendars and help to improve the tasks for Barilla and its clients. Second, transport items just when they are required and what items are required, as opposed to building colossal stocks in Barillas’ offices. Third, Barilla will procure a circuitous bit of leeway by diminishing its own dispersion costs, stock levels, and at last assembling costs, by not reacting to the unpredictable interest exam ples of the distributors.Fourth, Barilla will have the option to deal with the genuinely necessary and significant ability to accomplish â€Å"flexibility† to react to the interest from end-purchaser, which deals with the info channel to deliver the requests. Fifth, Vendor Managed Inventory Concept. 6th, utilizing retail location information from retailers (yet this is a constraint of Barillas given conveyance channel and absence of standardized tag scanner and PC linkage at most food merchants in Italy). Seventh, extreme power to decide shipments is Barilla SpA. Eight, merchants will give POS information (current) stock degree of all SKUs. Thus, expected advantages for Manufacturer are: * Reduced assembling cost * Reduced stock cycle Increased flexibly tie perceivability will prompt better associations with wholesalers * High bartering control over merchants * Increased merchants reliance on Barilla * An arranged creation arranging is conceivable * Improvement in assembling arranging utilizing target information Expected advantages for merchants are: * High assistance levelâ€additional administrations to retailers without acquiring additional expense * Improved fill rates to Retail store with a fast reaction * Reduced stock conveying cost Question 3. What clashes and boundaries does usage of the JITD framework face? The usage of the JITD framework encounters a few clashes/obstruction and hindrances. The contentions/obstruction experienced are inner and outside as follows: Internal Sales agent dreaded decrease in duties and straightening of deals levels * Risk of neglecting to alter shipments adequately rapidly to changes in selling designs or expanded advancements * Firms circulation unit not set up to deal with such a refined relationship * Free space in distributor’s stockrooms will give contenders a bit of leeway to get more rack space * Inability to speedy shipment or interruption in gracefully procedure may prompt stock-out of item * Ina bility to run exchange advancement * Lack of complex foundation to deal with JITD * Skepticism about cost decrease External * Unconvinced wholesalers Distributors were not ready to share their stockroom information * Distributors got impression that they were not taking care of their inventories well * A key move by Barilla to legitimize their long conveyance cycle * Perceived exchange of capacity to Barilla * Lack of confidence in Barillas current stock administration * Distributors were distrustful about the viability of the framework Question 4. How might you address these? Barilla should concentrate in outside setting on actualizing the JITD in an organized manner where it begins to target probably the biggest merchant with whom its relishes fantastic and extended relationship. The obstruction could then be taken care of by running examinations at Dry Product Depots where top administration is included effectively to fortify Barillas vital vision of the organization to receive J ITD as a far reaching exertion and not similarly as coordinations program.By doing as such, the subjective and quantitative ramifications of execution upgrades c

Application of Balanced Scorecard Free Essays

string(56) a great deal and was a critical supporter of my success. A Case Study: Application of the Balanced Scorecard in Higher Education by Andrea Mae Rollins An exposition submitted to the personnel of San Diego State University In incomplete satisfaction of the prerequisites for the certificate Doctor of Educational Leadership June 28, 2011 iii Copyright  © 2011 by Andrea Mae Rollins v DEDICATION This work is devoted to my sibling Jason, from as ahead of schedule as I can recall that he has consistently been pleased with his younger sibling and her achievements; his pride, his adoration, and his help will perpetually be loved and implies more than he will ever know, and To my grandma Dollie, who yielded such a great amount so as to accommodate me the existence I required; she instructed me to be benevolent and liberal and to request help when required, however above all she encouraged me the sky is the limit, and To my dear companions, who give me more credit than I merit and love me genuinely; I am incredibly lucky to have such a magnificent gathering of astounding ladies throughout my life, and To Fred, who never abandoned me; his trust in my capacities invigorated me the to push through all deterrents and make it to the end goal. v ABSTRACT The reason for this investigation was to look at the use of the Balanced Scorecard as an administration apparatus inside the External and Business Affairs (EBA) unit at University of California, San Diego (UCSD). Uniquely, the investigation tried to look at how the Balanced Scorecard was imparted all through the association, how the information are utilized inside the association, and how the information are utilized for dynamic, giving specific consideration to the four viewpoints of UCSD’s EBA’s customized Balanced Scorecard. We will compose a custom article test on Utilization of Balanced Scorecard or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now These four points of view are money related/partner, inward procedures, development and learning, and the client. This clear contextual analysis, an audit of program records, a quantitative study and subjective meetings with EBA representatives using the steady near strategy and spellbinding insights, distinguished four exercises took in: the genuinely educated workers are at the highest point of the association and they discover an incentive in the Balanced Scorecard, most workers are uninformed of accessibility and handiness of the Balanced Scorecard information, even an unequal Scorecard improves business activities and the yearly execution assessment process is a chance to fortify the Balanced Scorecard. The investigation incorporates three suggestions for EBA. The proposals are EBA authority needs to convey the Balanced Scorecard procedure, results, and application with more noteworthy clearness to all workers in the association; there should be an institutional arrangement for maintainability of the Balanced Scorecard to guarantee it rises above the present individuals and condition; and the Balanced Scorecard process inside EBA must be adaptable for future authoritative development. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ABSTRACT.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rundown OF TABLES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rundown OF FIGURES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Affirmations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 1â€INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foundation: The Balanced Scorecard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Site of the Case Study: University of California, San Diego. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outer and Business Affairs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Issue Statement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meaning of Terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Importance of This Study.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reason Statement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hypothetical Framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Research Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Constraints of the Study.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Delimitations of the Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Job of the Researcher. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Association of the Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Part 2â€REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jobs and Expectations of Higher Education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Advanced education in California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v x xi xii 1 4 6 9 10 11 12 14 15 17 19 vii Reengineering Education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Execution Funding.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accredi tation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Authoritative Structure and Management Tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All out Quality Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Malcolm Baldrige Award Framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjusted Scorecard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjusted Scorecard and Higher Education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Authoritative Change and the Case Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Synopsis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 3â€METHODOLOGY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Research Design.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Research Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Setting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Members.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Information Collection and Analysis.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meetings.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Program Records. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Information Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Course of events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Moral Principles Based on Human Subjects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Job of the Researcher. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 22 24 28* 28 29 30 33 34 36 37 38 40 41 42 44 45 46 47 48 viii Limitations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 4â€FINDINGS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Member Profiles.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meetings.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wellspring of Findings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Program Records. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meetings.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recorded Perspective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Execution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercises Learned.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ongoing Changes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meeting Themes.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A Tool With Many Names.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Correspondence Is an Individual Choice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . An Unbalanced Balanced Scorecard. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sample Essay Topics - How to Write Your Expository Essay

Sample Essay Topics - How to Write Your Expository EssayThe best way to prepare for an exam or an essay is to write a sample expository essay. This is the way to familiarize yourself with the proper writing style that is most appropriate for the essay and is the best way to gain familiarity with the professional writing styles.This is the only way that you can be certain that you are familiar with what you are doing with an expository essay. By writing a sample expository essay, you will be able to identify which aspects of writing should be included in the essay. You will also know when you are practicing the material so that you are sure that it is accurate.In order to make the most of your expository essay, it is important to write about a topic that is in the domain of your subject area. However, if you are not already familiar with the topic you should ask a friend who is an expert in that field. This is a great way to acquaint yourself with the topic you are writing about.It is also important to write sample essay topics that are focused on the topic you have chosen. Make sure that your topic is related to your topic area. You want to make your topic related so that your readers will also find it relevant. When they find your topic to be relevant to their subject, they will find your article to be interesting and will also be able to relate it to their own lives.In order to make your expository essay interesting, you will need to incorporate a number of different types of elements. As long as you understand that writing is all about giving information to readers, you will be able to incorporate these elements. You do not have to add every one of them but you do need to incorporate them if they will help to advance the theme of your essay. Of course, you will also want to keep your article interesting by utilizing different tones, voices, and styles.In addition to using topics, you will also want to have a few key points that you want to focus on throughou t your expository essay. You can use them as anchors for your entire essay and your readers will want to read the rest of the article in order to get a better understanding of your point. They will want to know where the anchor is so that they can get a feel for what your overall point is. They will also want to know why you think it is important.One more thing you can incorporate in your expository essay is to use examples. You do not have to include every single example in your entire essay but it is helpful to include at least one example per paragraph. This gives your readers a chance to see that it is easy to follow the examples and to understand them.When you are ready to write your expository essay, you will need to come up with topics that are related to the topic you choose to write about. You will also need to write sample essay topics that focus on your topic so that you can identify what types of things you need to include in your essay. These sample essay topics are a g reat way to acquaint yourself with the right writing style and you will learn how to use samples effectively.

The Role of Mexican-American Border Relations in the...

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The blame had to be put somewhere so Governor Pete Wilson of California decided to vocally address this issue with his proposed Proposition 187 in 1994. At this time California was facing economic recession and adamantly felt that the massive immigration of illegal immigrants from Mexico was the primary reason for residents’ economic struggles. Proposition 187, promoted as the â€Å"Save Our State† initiative, called for a dismissal of the availability of public service such as education and health care to illegal immigrants. It also aided in their deportation, as people such as nurses and teachers would be required to report suspected illegal immigrants to authorities. This initiative was able to pass even though public rhetoric of the opposition repeatedly called the supporters of Proposition 187 racists. The economic concerns of the California residents were that the illegal immigrants were taking too many of the state’s resources in a time where resources weren’t plentiful. 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The Difference Between a Phase and State of Matter

The matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. States of matter are the physical form taken by the phases of matter. Although the state and phase dont mean quite the same thing, youll often  hear the two terms used interchangeably. The States of Matter States of matter are solids, liquids, gases, and plasma. Under extreme conditions, other states exist, such as  s  Bose–Einstein condensates  and  neutron-degenerate matter.  The state is the form taken by matter at a given temperature and pressure. Phases of Matter A phase of matter is uniform with respect to its physical and chemical  properties. Matter undergoes phase transitions to change from one phase to another.  The primary phases of matter are solids, liquids, gases, and plasma.   Examples At room temperature and pressure, the state of a piece of dry ice (carbon dioxide) would be solid and gas phases. At 0  °C, the state of water can be the solid, liquid, and/or  gas phase. The state of water in a glass is the liquid phase. Learn More Diagram of Phase ChangesPhases of Matter and Phase Diagrams4 The Main States of Matter

Childhood Obesity A Growing Problem - 1083 Words

A huge problem that we are facing in the world today is that of childhood obesity. It is a rising epidemic, not only in the United States but around the world. One study states: â€Å"OBESITY RATES HAVE INCREASED STEEPLY IN RECENT DECADES, with two-thirds of American adults and one-third of American children (aged 2 to 19) currently overweight or obese. Obese children are more likely to become obese adults, and obesity is associated with a host of chronic diseases, including Type-2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease, whose health effects are cumulative over time† (WOLFSON, J. A., GOLLUST, S. E., NIEDERDEPPE, J. and BARRY, C. L. (2015), The Role of Parents in Public Views of Strategies to Address Childhood Obesity in the United States. Milbank Quarterly) Being overweight can impair school performance in many ways, including health-related absenteeism. Among the medical conditions linked with overweight in school-aged children are asthma, joint problems, type 2 diabetes, depression and anxiety, and sleep apnea. Social problems--such as being teased or bullied--loneliness, or low self-esteem can also affect how well children do in school. Although the evidence that child obesity affects school performance is limited, nutrition clearly affects academic performance. Poor nutritional status and hunger interfere with cognitive function and are associated with lower academic achievement. Iron deficiency is linked to shortened attention span, irritability, fatigue, andShow MoreRelatedChildhood Obesity. Childhood Obesity Is A Growing Problem1085 Words   |  5 PagesChildhood Obesity Childhood obesity is a growing problem in the United States. Childhood obesity is defined as a child being at or above the 95th percentile for the child’s age and sex (Dietz, 1998). According to the Center of Disease Control â€Å"Childhood obesity has more than doubled in children and quadrupled in adolescents in the past 30 years. The percentage of children aged 6–11 years in the United States who were obese increased from 7% in 1980 to nearly 18% in 2012† (CDC, 2017). There areRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Growing Problem1594 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood Obesity: A Growing Problem According to the African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development â€Å"Twenty-five percent of children in the US are overweight and 11% are obese† ( Dehgan 1) . The Center of disease Control and Prevention defines overweight as having a body mass index, or BMI, of 30. BMI can be found by dividing an individual’s weight by their height. Childhood obesity is present in children from ages ranging 6-18. The amount of excess body fat can lead to many â€Å"heathRead MoreChildhood Obesity: A Growing Problem795 Words   |  3 PagesChildhood obesity is a growing problem that needs to be resolved. Many people may say it is the Child’s fault, he is weak willed. This is just a common misconception; there are hundreds of different reasons for childhood obesity. I will just be scratching the surface of this paper. By the same token childhood obesity is a growing problem that needs to be resolved. We can achieve this by understanding some common misconcepti ons, understanding health problems, and understanding fitness. ThereforeRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Growing Problem1177 Words   |  5 Pagesquote from Richard Carmona says, â€Å"If the childhood obesity epidemic remains unchecked, it will condemn many of our kids to shorter lives, as well as the emotional and financial burdens of poor health† (â€Å"Richard†). Carmona is right in many ways. More than ever, childhood obesity is a huge problem in America today. This disease is causes health problems, emotional problems, weakness, and fatigue. Childhood obesity in America has become a widespread problem and will continue to worsen unless we enforceRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Growing Problem Essay1417 Words   |  6 PagesChildhood obesity is becoming an increasingly severe problem in today’s society. This portfolio aims to explain different causations of childhood obesity, and evaluate the interventions that have been put in place to combat the issue. In 2015, 15% of children between the ages of 2 to 15, in Scotland, were at risk of obesity, in relation to their Body Mass Index (Scottish Health Survey, 2015). For children, the BMI ranges changes as they grow and get older, as well as being dependent on gender. ForRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Growing Problem Essay1047 Words   |  5 Pagesinformation on Childhood Obesity. I intend to first plainly explain a clear definition of what Childhood Obesity is. Next I plan on explaining some possible reasons why children develop obesity. I also want to give clear consequences and life struggles that may be associated with a child who is obese. I also want to discuss long term effects of this disease on the individual as well as society. Finally, I would like to discuss some possible treatments associated with curing obesity in children asRead MoreChildhood Obesity: A Growing Problem966 Words   |  4 PagesChildhood Obesity: A Growing Problem Did you know the parentage of overweight children and adolescents in the United States has nearly tripled since the early 1970s? Childhood obesity is a rising social problem in the United States and affects many Americans. There are many reasons why childhood obesity is a problem in our society which leads to long term consequences. A few of the consequences include heart disease, type 2 diabetes, asthma, sleep apnea, and social discrimination. All of theseRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Growing Problem1816 Words   |  8 Pages Childhood obesity is a rapidly growing problem around the world, especially in North America today. The rates at which children and adolescents have become overweight have increased dramatically since the 1970’s leading to a call for action to try and reverse this growing trend (Birch Ventura, 2009). This topic must be addressed as today childhood obesity affects approximately one in every five children and adolescents across the United States. This issue is important to discuss because beingRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Growing Problem1378 Words   |  6 PagesDid you know that obesity has become such a ‘growing’ quandary that for the first time ever today’s children are expected to have a life expectancy that is shorter than their parents (Gance-Cleveland, Gilbert, Kopanos, Gilbert, 2009, p. 72)? Obesity in children and adolescents has become a worldwide epidemic, increasing every year. In fact, childhood obesity in the United States (US) has increased to 17%, which has nearly tripled the prevalence of obesity in the last three decades (Center forRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Growing Problem2416 Words   |  10 Pages Why is childhood obesity on the rise in America? Student name Instructor name Course name Date Childhood obesity is a growing problem in the United States. More and more young people are living with video games, televisions, and computers so are living their lives in a mostly sitting position. Few children are able to spend the hours between school and dark playing outside as they used to do and even less would choose to. Most children are trapped within the walls of their homes while their

Implications for Frozen Food Marketing-Free-Samples for Student

Question: Discuss about the Consumer awareness about healthy products. Answer: Problem statement The dietary habits of individuals have a direct impact on the health of the individuals and so Ausfine Food has created the right marketing strategies for the frozen food products to influence the consumer buying behaviors. The research rationale demonstrates the rise of diet related health issues and the improper packaging of the frozen food items at United Kingdom, which has made people avoid the frozen food items (Cairns et al., 2013). To prevent this, the Government has implemented mandatory labeling policy including the various nutrients of the packaged frozen food items. Ausfine Food has marketed its products by following sustainable measures like green packaging to create positive mindset among the customers as well as maintain the health and safety of theirs. Not only green packaging, but also the company aims to deliver the best quality healthy products that can influence the buying behaviors of the customers and increase the sales revenue too (Ausfine.com.au2018). Due to th e immense competition in the market, Ausfine Food shall remain committed to the sustainable methods while marketing the frozen food items and ensure influencing their buying behaviors with ease and effectiveness (Grunert, Hieke Wills, 2014). Research Aim The aim of the research is to determine the implications of frozen food marketing of Ausfine Food and its impact on the consumer buying behaviors and choices made by them. Research Objectives To identify the impact of frozen food marketing on the buying behaviors of consumers at Ausfine Food, Australia To evaluate the various approaches undertaken by the company to market the frozen food items successfully in the market To assess the various measures that have helped the company to maintain sustainable measures while marketing the products and services To recommend necessary measures that should be adopted by Ausfine Food for overcoming the frozen food marketing issues and maintain sustainability to influence the consumer buying behavior Research Methodology Comprehensive literature review The frozen food items choices could affect the food demands in the market as well as represent an increasing segment of the home based meal replacement category. The information about consumers could be related to generic health information and product specific nutrition profiles. The ability of the consumers to use the information can play a major role in the purchasing decisions made by the consumers (Anselmsson, Vestman Bondesson Johansson, 2014). The various work related to the information issues included the acquisition of information along with the use of nutrition label. The Government has played a major role in the distribution of nutritional information and due to this; the companies have managed to market the frozen food items through proper promotional techniques and even through the involvement of a social media platform (Chandon, 2013). The frozen food company to ensure that the customers were attracted and they could know about the products in details should provide th e nutritional value, ingredients used and nutritional information. Individuals acquisition of information could help in evaluating the benefits obtained by purchasing the products as well as influence their reaction to the new health related information. The company should maintain sustainable packaging techniques to keep the food fresh and healthy for consumption by the customers (Phan Vu, 2015). This would definitely develop a positive mindset among them and make them purchase the products and services of the company, furthermore spread positive messages to many other people so that they could get influenced (Newman et al., 2014). Secondary sources The secondary sources would be useful for obtaining relevant information and data about the topic and constitute the secondary data. The secondary sources could be articles, journals, internet websites and by searching through keywords such as frozen food items, green packaging, nutritional value of frozen items, etc (Salazar, Oerlemans van Stroe?Biezen, 2013). On the other hand, surveys were conducted to obtain the opinions and feedbacks of the respondents that constituted the quantitative data. The qualitative data was gathered by interviewing with the managers of the organization and both these kinds of data helped in the primary data collection (Buder, Feldmann Hamm, 2014). Data analysis The analysis of data should be done to check the accuracy of information and checked whether it had been gathered from authentic sources or not. The quantitative data analysis could be done with the use of SPSS tool for representing the data and information in the form of charts, diagrams, etc. This would provide better flexibility and maintain good relationship between the different variables required to conduct the research efficiently (Grunert, Hieke Wills, 2014). References Anselmsson, J., Vestman Bondesson, N., Johansson, U. (2014). Brand image and customers' willingness to pay a price premium for food brands.Journal of Product Brand Management,23(2), 90-102. Antonetti, P., Maklan, S. (2014). Feelings that make a difference: How guilt and pride convince consumers of the effectiveness of sustainable consumption choices. Journal of Business Ethics, 124(1), 117-134. Ausfine.com.au. (2018). Ausfine Foods // Home. Ausfine.com.au. Retrieved 23 March 2018, from https://ausfine.com.au/ Buder, F., Feldmann, C., Hamm, U. (2014). Why regular buyers of organic food still buy many conventional products: Product-specific purchase barriers for organic food consumers. British Food Journal, 116(3), 390-404. Cairns, G., Angus, K., Hastings, G., Caraher, M. (2013). Systematic reviews of the evidence on the nature, extent and effects of food marketing to children. A retrospective summary.Appetite,62, 209-215. Chandon, P. (2013). How package design and packaged-based marketing claims lead to overeating.Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy,35(1), 7-31. Grunert, K. G., Hieke, S., Wills, J. (2014). Sustainability labels on food products: Consumer motivation, understanding and use. Food Policy, 44, 177-189. Newman, C. L., Turri, A. M., Howlett, E., Stokes, A. (2014). Twenty years of country-of-origin food labeling research: a review of the literature and implications for food marketing systems.Journal of Macromarketing,34(4), 505-519. Phan, T. T. H., Vu, P. A. (2015). The impact of marketing mix elements on food buying behavior: a study of supermarket consumers in Vietnam.International Journal of Business and Management,10(10), 206. Salazar, H. A., Oerlemans, L., van Stroe?Biezen, S. (2013). Social influence on sustainable consumption: evidence from a behavioural experiment. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 37(2), 172-180

The American Civil War Rules, Chronology and Turning Points

From the beginning, the Confederates and the Union forces had an almost equal strength when it came to manpower, but as the war continued the Union forces grew in number as it was able to isolate some of the Southern states (West, 2006, para. 19). Confederate planners and ordinary folks believed that guerrillas would be a significant component of their armed base; however, common soldiers had to be the main actors because the war could not be won by mere guerrillas.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The American Civil War: Rules, Chronology and Turning Points specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Confederates considered the war a â€Å"people’s war.† There were disadvantages to this type of war. Guerrilla war produces vigilantism and â€Å"outright outlawry† which make civilians victims rather than the protected ones. The Confederate leadership felt suspicious of the members of the guerrill a forces and so the guerrilla war failed because the Forces underestimated its capability. The guerrilla war came out to be a war with â€Å"its own rules, its own chronology, its own turning points, and its own heroes, villains, and victims. At the same time, it also formed part of the wider war. It influenced the strategy and logistics of conventional campaigns, the political culture, the morale of soldiers and civilians, the southern economy, and ultimately, the very nature of the conflict.† (Sutherland, 2002, p. 262) The guerrilla warfare held promise as demonstrated by its many successes. On 23 March 1862, Colonel James Carter of the Second East Tennessee Infantry, United States Army, led a group of Tennessee volunteers, along with the Forty-Ninth Indiana Volunteers, to proceed to Big Creek Gap passing through Boston. When they reached the foot of the mountain, Colonel Carter received information that they were to encounter a rebel cavalry at Big Creek Gap. Colonel Carte r divided his volunteers into two with one group under the charge of Lieutenant Colonel Kcigwin and the other one under his command. After an ascent of about 9 miles to the mountain, they surprised the enemy led by Lieutenant Colonel John White. After a short period of fighting, the rebels were defeated and many of them ran to different direction. Many were killed and wounded while fifteen rebels were taken prisoners. The attackers were a group of guerrillas from the Union Forces. (United States War Department et al., 1884) There were many disadvantages and instances of failure in the conduct of guerrilla war. Instances of how people wanted to form and employ guerrilla tactics or schemes could be seen from these phrases taken from the database on â€Å"War on the Rebellion.†Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A Louisianian announced that it was very advantageous for â€Å" a regiment of mounted men, on the guerrilla order,† on the southern parts of his state, and so he asked that he be allowed by the Confederate government to do so. Another man, an Alabamian, asked permission to raise a group to conduct guerrilla tactics without â€Å"restraint and under no orders.† A guerrilla leader said his group of 300 guerrillas conducted a raid and inflicted heavy damage to a Union unit in the summer of 1862 in Alabama. (United States War Department et al., 1884) The concept of war of attrition, which was designed by Confederate President Jefferson Davis, involved guerrilla war strategies. The concept was based on the strategy of George Washington during the American Revolution against the British forces. By applying guerrilla tactics, the Confederates could gain time before they could seek help from foreign allies. Davis appointed diplomats who used their skill in attaining foreign sympathies, especially the British. This plan failed when the diplo mats were captured by a Union officer while they were on their mission to gain British support. The war of attrition was opposed by General Robert Lee who wanted a strong strike against the Union Forces. (West, 2006, paras. 6-7) The â€Å"Anaconda† plan, designed to blockade the Atlantic and Gulf coasts to weaken the economic and political bases of the Confederacy, was destined to fail from its early inception. It was a master plan of General Winfield Scott, chief of all generals of the Union forces, but which was not supported by President Lincoln. Scott argued that the Confederates had no navy to support its army and therefore it would be easy to attack the Confederates in the Mississippi coasts cutting the Confederates export of cotton, possible import of weapons and help from foreign allies. The Union forces would then invade the open areas of the Mississippi River. Scott theorized that this strategy would need 300,000 men and about two years to accomplish. The Anaconda p lan was a long-range and large scale operation of the Union forces as against the Confederates’ war of attrition involving guerrilla tactics. (Encyclopedia Virginia: Anaconda plan,n.d.)Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The American Civil War: Rules, Chronology and Turning Points specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Guerrilla warfare was never used on a large scale because Confederate political and military leaders tied to traditional, hierarchical forms of social and military organization did not trust the men who came from grassroots and fear the results of such unregulated mode of fighting. The guerrilla tactics were first used for local defense but Confederate leaders underestimated it and failed to tap its advantage. The Confederate generals wanted to use guerrilla warfare when they realized they were outnumbered; their armies accounted for just about 55 percent of the opposing forces. The Unionâ €™s population was more than double the Confederacy. General Robert Lee was at first opposed to the guerrilla strategy but applied it in later campaigns, especially when he saw that his troops were outnumbered. (Sutherland, 2002) The guerrilla war befits its true name, a people’s war. There were irregulars here and there asking for authorization from higher-ups of the Confederacy so they could form smaller guerrilla forces and operate with guerrilla tactics. The ways of the guerrillas however were questionable since they prepared the guerrilla ways, even in the far reaches of the country. They used this in the west and the North-South border. As the war went on, they became desperate as they attacked Union mail trains. In August 1861, Unionists asked United States Simon Cameron as rebels controlled the state government. (Sutherland, 2002) The Union forces attacked both the Confederate soldiers and their civilian supporters to finally crash the enemy. They forced the sword on all sides of the enemy, particularly the people who supported the Confederate armies. The Confederacy was now reduced in number; their smaller gains were done through guerrilla tactics. General Robert Lee felt that time was on the side of the enemy and that the Union armies had the initiative. Lee opposed his president’s concept of attrition. He did not want a defensive strategy since the way of taking advantage of the Confederate’s limited resources was to have a general action so that the Union forces would abandon the war. (Sutherland, 2000) The Confederate’s strong force during the final years of the war was General Lee’s Army which was concentrated in Northern Virginia. With a frontal attack, the Union army could not defeat Lee’s formidable army, and so the coastal wars began with the strategy of attacking Confederate supplies. To weaken Lee by attacking the logistics was one of the objectives of the coastal wars. This stage of the war was very crucial. (Murray, 2011, p. 114)Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Navy Board’s plan was for the forces to implement through a step by step process. The Federal Army wanted to create the lines over which they could operate effectively because they were only holding the southern bases. This was a long stretch of coastal areas difficult to control. Thus, the Atlantic Campaign had to be an effective operation, a theatre that had to be played in sequence, i.e. to capture every area to lead to the final objective, strangling the Confederate Army by way of capturing the areas they controlled and their logistics. (Dougherty, 2010) The Atlantic Campaign started on August of 1861 when the Union forces landed men and big guns on the Confederate-controlled port of Hatteras. The Union bombardment created heavy damage and they had a successful landing. This stage involved taking control of the area so that the forces could provide rapid and uninterrupted attacks. A specific area was the Port Royal but there were also identified ports in the Gulf that had to be controlled. These were strategic points to give the forces areas to operate and proceed to their final objective, the taking over of Fort Clark. On the other hand, the coastal wars were also General Lee’s final line of defense. What happened was a battle like no other battle – the Federals against the Confederates firing their guns along the Atlantic. The Hatteras Inlet was a key passage to North Carolina which had become a haven of pirates and brigands disguised as guerrillas. The Secretary of the Navy of the United States at that time wrote that the blockade would benefit the people of North Carolina. Fort Hatteras and Fort Clark were heavily defended by the Confederates such that the battle was the most heavily fought during the Civil War. This was one proof that the guerrilla war did not work. (Dougherty, 2010) References Dougherty, K. (2010). Strangling the confederacy: Coastal operations in the American civil war. Pennsylvania: Casemate Publishers. Enc yclopedia Virginia: Anaconda plan.(n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Anaconda_Plan Murray, W. (2011). War, strategy, and military effectiveness. New York: Cambridge University Press. Sutherland, D. (2002). Guerrilla warfare, democracy, and the fate of the confederacy. Southern Historical Association, 68(2), 259-292. doi: 198.91.32.141 United States War Department, Moody, J., Cowles, C., Ainsworth, F., Scott, R., Lazelle, H.,†¦Kirkley, J. (1884). War of the rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies, series 1, volume 10 (part I). Retrieved from http://collections.library.cornell.edu/moa_new/browse.html?notisid=anu4519 West, M. (2006). Did the Confederates have a master plan? Retrieved from  http://rutherfordtnhistory.org/did-the-confederates-have-a-master-plan/ This research paper on The American Civil War: Rules, Chronology and Turning Points was written and submitted by user Lainey S. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Explore the effects of a needs orientated approach to care using a nursing model alongside a nursing process in order to create a framework The WritePass Journal

Explore the effects of a needs orientated approach to care using a nursing model alongside a nursing process in order to create a framework Introduction Explore the effects of a needs orientated approach to care using a nursing model alongside a nursing process in order to create a framework IntroductionAssessmentPlanningImplementationEvaluationConclusionReference listRelated Introduction The aims of this assignment are to provide a needs orientated approach to care using a nursing model alongside a nursing process in order to create a framework. The nursing model for the purpose of the assignment will be Roper, Logan and Tierney (RLT). A nursing model is used to determine what is important and relevant to providing individualized care (Barrett, Wilson, Woollands 2009). RLT   state that a nursing model helps to identify the â€Å"core of nursing activities across any field of nursing practice† (Holland, Jenkins, Soloman and Whittam, 2004). This will be discussed in detail providing evidence of strengths and weaknesses of the model. The nursing process that will be discussed will be APIE which is assess, plan, implement and evaluate. A nursing process is a systematic approach which focuses on each patient as an individual ensuring that the patients holistic needs are taken into consideration. These include physical, social, psychological, cultural and environm ental factors. . The nursing process is a problem solving framework for planning and delivering nursing care to patients and their families (Atkinson and Murray 1995). When used collaboratively the nursing model and the nursing process should provide a plan of care that considers the patient holistically rather than just focusing on their medical diagnosis (Moseby’s 2009). It will also discuss an example of a care plan done for a fictional patient Mabel Dunn and evaluate and discuss how the nursing plan and the nursing process have created a plan of care and how effective this was or was not. Care planning is a highly skilled process used in all healthcare settings which aims to ensure that the best possible care is given to each patient.   The Nursing and Midwifery council state that care planning is only to be undertaken by qualified staff or by students under supervision. The Department of health (2009) says that ‘Personalised care planning is about addressing an individual’s full range of needs, taking into account their health, personal, social, economic, educational, mental health, ethinic and cultural background and circumstances’ with the aim of returning the patient to their previous state before they became ill and were hospitalized considering all of these needs to provide patient centered care. It recognizes that there are other issues in addition to medical needs that can impact on a person’s total health and well being. It provides a written record accessible to all health professionals where all nursing interventions can be documented. Care planning is extremely important as it enables all staff involved in the care to have access to relevant information about the patients current medical problems and how this affecting them in relation to the 12 activities of living as well as any previous medical history. Barrett et al (2009) state that taking care of an individual’s needs is a professional, legal and ethical requirement. There are many different nursing models all of which have strengths and weaknesses and it’s up to the nurse to choose the right one for individual patient, the model which is used will vary between different specialties depending on which is more relevant to the patient and their illness and needs. Although a vast majority of hospitals now use pre-printed care plans it is important to remember that not all the questions on them will be relevant to all patients. An example of this would be that activity of breathing may not have any impact on a healthy young adult be would be a major factor for an elderly man with COPD. There are four stages to the nursing process which are Assess, plan, implement and evaluate (APIE) but Barrett et al state that there should be six stages to include systematic nursing diagnosis and recheck (ASPIRE)   as although they are included in the nursing process they are not separate stages and could be overlooked.(Barrett et al 2009). It is important that a nursing process is used and it is set out in a logical order, the way in that the nurse would think this helps minimize omissions or mistakes. Roper, Logan and Tierney model of nursing suggests that there are five interrelated concepts which need to be taken into consideration when planning and implementing care which are activities of living, lifespan, dependence/independence continuum, factors influencing activities of living and individuality in living (Roper, Logan and Tierney 2008). Assessment Assessment is a fundamental nursing skill required to gather all the information required about the patient in order to meet all or their needs (Hinchliff, Norman and Schober 2008). ‘Assessment is extremely important because it provides the scientific basis for a complete nursing care plan’ (Moseby’s 2009). The initial assessment untaken by nurses is to gather information regarding the patients needs but this is only the beginning of assessing as the holistic needs of the patient including physical, physiological, spiritual, social, economic and environmental needs to be taken into consideration in order to deliver appropriate individualized care (Roper, Logan and Tierney 2008). When using the 12 activities of living (ALs) for assessment it gives a list a basic information required but must not just be used as a list as the patient will respond better to questions asked in an informal manner and when just part of the general conversation. RLT (2008) state that alt hough every AL is important some are more important than other and this can vary between patients. It is important for nurses to obtain appropriate information through both verbal and non-verbal conversation patients are more likely to give correct information but without jumping to conclusions or putting words into their mouths. ‘Assessment is the cornerstone on which a patients care is planned, implemented and evaluated (RLT 2008). ‘Poor or incomplete assessment subsequently leads to poor care planning and implementation of the care plan’ (Sutcliffe 1990). Information can be gained from the patient, the patients family and friends as well as any health records (Peate I, 2010) During this process of gathering information it is important to find out what the patient can do as well as what they cant. , McCormack, Manley and Garbett (2004) state that gathering the information requires a certain kind of relationship between the nurse and the patient and nurses need to be able to communicate effectively in order to be able to build this relationship.   A full assessment needs to consider how the patient was before they became ill or hospitalized in relation to their medical diagnosis as well as how the patient was dealing with it, how they are now, what is the change or difference if any, do they know what is causing the change, what if anything they are doing about it, do they have any resources now or have they have in the past to deal with the problem (barrett et al). RLT (2008) state that there are 5 factors that influence the 12 activities of living which are biological, psychological, sociocultural, environmental and politicoeconomic, these may not all have an effect on each patient but all need to be taken into consideration.The more information gained in the assessment process the easier the other steps will follow. RLT (2008) suggest that assessing is a continuous process and that further information will be obtained through observations and within the course of nursing the patient. At the end of the initial assessment the nurse should to identify the problems that the patient has. There are limitations to using a nursing process which are   the 12 als are often used as a list as part of a core care plan and are not always individualized Walsh (1998) argues that the 12 activities of living may just be used as a list which could result in vital information being missed which could be detrimental to the patient. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC 2008) states a nurse is personally and professionally accountable for actions and omissions in practice and any decisions made must always be justifiable. There are many benefits to using a nursing process it is patient centered and enables individualized care for each patient. It also gives patients input into their own care and gives them a greater sense of control it is outcome focused using subjective and objective information which helps and encourages evaluation of the care given. It also minimizes any errors and omissions. When I carried out the assessing stage on mabel I did this using the 12 activities of living as suggested by Roper et al (2008) but this was used too much like a checklist. I didn’t gather enough information in order to be able to do the best plan of care possible for her although I don’t feel this could have been detrimental to the care she received it needed more information than I had. I also found it difficult deciding which information should go where so I ended up repeating information in more than one of the 12 als, Which although this wouldn’t have made a difference to the planning of the care plan there was too much irrelevant information which could mean that it wasn’t read thoroughly just skimmed over as it would take too much time. As I am inexperienced in doing this I realized when writing the care plan that there were many questions that I didn’t ask so there where many parts that could not be filled in. I also didn’t gather eno ugh objective data for certain parts so I didn’t have   any evidence that the care had worked or how effective it had been. If using ASPIRE rather than APIE the next stage would be systematic nursing diagnosis where a nursing diagnosis is established which differs from the medical diagnosis but the two do overlap (Barrett et al 2009). The nursing diagnosis takes into account the medical diagnosis as well as the holistic needs of the patient considering their biopsychosocial and spiritual needs (Hinchliff et al 2008) and the effect these may have on the patient and how they deal with their illness. The next part of the systematic diagnosis is to establish baselines of where the patient is now in relation to the 12 als and their illness and set goals accordingly in collaboration with the patient in a way in which they understand (Barrett et al 2009). Planning The next stage of the nursing process is planning this is where all the information gained in the assessment part to plan the care of the patient. The planning stage of the process is where achievable goals need to be made through discussion with care givers and the patient or the patients representative. Kemp and Richardson (1994) Suggest that ‘One of the advantages of goal setting is that it can act as a stimulus for the patient’ and encourages them to work towards this. The plan of care is to solve the actual problems the patient has and to prevent potential problems from becoming actual ones, it also aims to help the patient cope with their illness in a positive way and to make them as comfortable and pain free as possible (RLT 2008). Marriner (1983) states that ‘The patient should be included in the planning of his nursing care’ goals set need to be agreed with nursing staff, the patient and the patients relatives or representative although some of them will be more focused towards the patient and some of them will require the expertise of the nurse. Individualised care aims to have the best possible outcome for the patient by educating the patient and involving them in their care. There are disadvantages to providing individualized care one of these being the time it takes to write the care plan which is why core care plans are often used but Roper et al (2000) say that these can be used effectively when used appropriately such as in post-operative care. Although when using core care plans it is important not to standardize care as patient react differently to illnesses and treatments. Faulkner (2000) Suggests that one of the benefits of using a core care plan is that potential problems can be foreseen. The more information gathered in assessment the easier the plan of care will be. The main objective of a nursing plan is to ‘provide the information on which systematic, individualized nursing can be based and individualized nursing can be based and implemented by any nurse’ (RLT 2008). Through a detailed individualized plan of care any nurse caring for a particular patient should be able to see exactly what is required of them as all the information will be recorded in the care plan.   The NMC (2008) says that nursing interventions need to be specific for that particular patient, based on best evidence, measurable and achievable. There are many different criteria for setting goals just one of these is PRODUCT which stands for, Patient centered, recordable, observable and measurable, directive, understandable and clear, credible and time related. This is just meant as a way of helping nurses to set goals by giving them guidelines to follow (Barrett et al 2009). When planning care a great emphasis needs to be based on the dependence/independence continuum which will have been established in the assessment phase. The care to be given will encourage the patient to get back to as reasonably possible or as close to where they were on the continuum as they were before they were admitted to hospital. Planning also needs to take into account the resources available to implement the care as they need to ensure that the care they are planning is achievable and will not be compromised by lack of resources or a shortage of nursing staff (Roper et al 2008). When I did a plan of care for mabel it quickly became evident how inexperienced I was. I didn’t gather enough information in the assessing period to be able to do an effective plan of care. I also didn’t know how achievable the goals where as I wasn’t aware of how long they would take to improve or if they where achievable or not, I also found it difficult determine which problems were interrelated and as a result tried to link anxiety in with another problem when in fact it was a problem on its own. I was able to write the needs statements effectively that were not long but on a couple of these the influencing factors were missed out which would be necessary when providing holistic care. Planning care for a patient requires a great deal of knowledge in the chosen specialty which is why it must be carried out by a qualified member of staff or a student under supervision. Implementation Implementation is the next part of the nursing process and where all the goals which were set in the planning stage are put into motion and the goals can start to be achieved through nursing and medical interventions. ‘Implementation is the actual giving of nursing care’(Marriner 1983).This is done with nursing staff, the multidisciplinary team members involved in the patients care such as doctor, dieticians and physiotherapists and the patient themselves in order for the patient to be able to return to how they were previously before they were admitted to hospital. The plan of care will be specific to the particular patient and will focus on the biopsychosocial aspects of the patient (Marriner 1983) and how these will affect the patients ability to carry out the activities of living. Implementation also provides emphasis on individualized care which is why it is important to establish in the previous phases where they are on the dependence/independence continuum and what they are able to do now and what they were able to do before. If this hasn’t been established then it will be impossible to evaluate how effective the care has been. Individualised care is associated with how the patient did things before such as how the person carries out the ALs and how often they carry these out. An example of this would be when carrying out the AL of personal cleansing and dressing to individualise the care it would be necessary to have determined in the assessing stage how the patient usually did this and how often it wouldn’t be individualized if in the care plan it was stated that they got a shower every morning if at home they only did this once a week. The NMC (2008) state that nurses are required to ‘Make the care of people your first concern, treating them as individuals and respecting their dignity’. Core care plans may be used in certain situations this can provide a greater level of care as potential problems can be foreseen if related to a certain problem on the other hand it is also important not to standardize care as patients react differently to different illnesses and treatment. (Faulkner A, 2000). In order to deal with certain problems or situations people often develop coping strategies which can be either adaptive or maladaptive. Adaptive coping strategies are usually helpful to the patient whereas maladaptive ones could be detrimental to their health such as smoking or drinking, the patient may feel this helps them to deal with a present situation but it is actually causing them harm.   Patients need to be discouraged from using maladaptive coping strategies this could be done by introducing them to adaptive coping strategies and encouraging them to change their maladaptive ones into adaptive ones. During the implementation of Mabel I found that although I was able to implement the care effectively I hadn’t recognized all of the nursing interventions needed to provide holistic care and I wasn’t fully aware of timescales of the planned care. I feel I also needed to research further into Mabel’s problems in order to gain the appropriate knowledge to provide the best care available as this would ensure that are the interventions are evidence based and best practice (NMC 2008). Barrett et el (2008) state that this is where recheck should take place which would enable the health care provider to establish how effective the plan of care is before the treatment ends this would enable them to re-evaluate the plan of care while the treatment is still ongoing and adjust the goals accordingly. Evaluation Evaluation is where the care that has been given can be assessed to evaluate the care given and whether it has worked or not. Chalmers (1986) describe that it is an ongoing and continuous process and also occurs at timed points in a formal setting. Roper et al (2000) say that evaluating care also provides a basis for ongoing assessment, planning and evaluation. There are two different parts to evaluation summative evaluation and formative evaluation. Formative evaluation is done with the patient taking into account whether they feel the care given has worked when done with consideration of the dependence/independence continuum information regarding the patients previous place on the dependence/independence continuum can be obtained from the patient, their friends and relatives as well as other health care professionals in the multidisciplinary team involved in the care of the patient. Summative evaluation is when the holistic view of the patient is taken into consideration how they feel about the treatment, whether they felt that the goals were achievable. It so where all the measureable data stated in the baselines and data received after this time is analyzed to show how effective or not the treatment has been. When evaluating care consideration needs to be given to the influencing factors such as biological factors as the bodies physical ability varies according to age the physical ability of an older person is generally less efficient, therefore the plan of care needs to take this into consideration so that when the evaluation takes place it its hoped to have been effective. A nurse needs to evaluate her patient’s status regularly for some patients this will be just once a day but for others it will be much more frequent depending on their illness and healthcare status. RLT (2008) says that evaluation must be individual to the specific patient and not just a standard goal that is related to a specific problem. If goals haven’t been achieved then it is up to the nursing staff to determine why. Maybe the goals set weren’t measureable or achievable. Parsley and Corrigan (1999) say that if goals haven’t been measureable or achievable then new goals need to be set. It could also be that the nursing interventions were not successful in which case new interventions should be set. There are also legal and ethical issues that may have an impact when evaluating care The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC 2002) state you must obtain consent before you give any treatment or care. If consent wasn’t gained then the care to be implemented wouldn’t have been effective and goals will not have been achieved. Through my evaluation of Mabel it was evident that I did not require all the information to do a comprehensive plan of care. Although I did set baselines which meant I could compare data I wasn’t experienced enough to set goals to the correct timeframe I also didn’t obtain enough measureable information in certain problems to be fully able to assess how effective or ineffective the care had been. Had I had more experience I feel that the evaluation wouldn’t be a problem.   Evaluation requires checking and rechecking in order to see the effectiveness of the care delivered. It requires knowledge and expertise to be able to effectively evaluate and amend the goals and interventions set as necessary. The whole care planning process took me a long time and I still was not very good at certain aspects of it. When setting goals a lot of detailed information is required in order for the plan of care to be effective so I can now understand why it is necessary for a trai ned member of staff to carry out the task. Conclusion This assignment has shown that when used together the nursing process and the nursing model provide a good basis to providing care. It sets out a systematic approach to providing care. Care needs to be set out in a way that both the nurse and the patient know exactly what is happening as well as any other health care professional in the multidisciplinary team providing care for the patient. It has also shown that involving patients in their care enables them to feel they are part of the team and are more likely to help themselves with their care. Reference list Sutcliffe E 1990, Reviewing the process progress. A critical review of literature on the nursing process. Senior Nurse, 10(a), 9-13. Applying the Roper-Logan-Tierney model in practice 2008 Elsevier ltd. Roper N, Logan W, Tierney J (2008) The Roper Logan Tierney model of nursing, Churchill Livingstone:London. Dimond, B. (2008) Legal Aspects of Nursing, 4th ed. Harlow: Pearson Education. Barrett D, Wilson B, Woolands A (2009) Care planning a guide for nurses: Pearson, Essex. Faulkner A (2000) Nursing The reflective approach to adult nursing. Stanley Thornes: Cheltenham. Hinchcliff S, Norman S, Schober J (2008) Nursing practice and healthcare 5th ed. Edward Arnold:London. Holland K, Jenkins J, Soloman J and Whittam S (2004) Applying the Roper, Logan, Tierney model in practice, Churchill Livingstone:London. Kemp N, Richardson E (1994) The nursing process and quality care p38. Arnold:London. Peate I (2010) Nursing care and the activities of living 2nd ed. Wiley-Blackwell: West Sussex. Roper N, Logan W, Tierney A (2000) The Roper, Logan and Tierney model of nursing. Churchill Livingstone: Edinburgh. Yura H, Walsh M (1983) The nursing process: Assessment, Planning, Implementing, Evaluating. Appleton Century: Crofts Norfolk. Cook S (1995) The merits of individualized measures within routine clinical practice. . dh.gov.uk/en/Healthcare/Longtermconditions/DH_093359(2009) (29/04/11) Alfaro R (2002), Applying the nursing process: Promoting collaborative care 5th ed. Lippincott: London. Moseby’s Medical Dictionary (2009), 8th ed, Elsevier. nmc-uk.org/Nurses-and-midwives/Advice-by-topic/A/Advice/Accountability/[Date Accessed 11/04/2011]. McCormack B, Manley K and Garbett R (2004) Practice Development in Nursing, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. Atkinson L Murray E, (1995), Clinical guide to care planning, McGraw, Oxford. NMC (2002), The NMC code of professional conduct, Nursing and Midwifery Council Publications Marriner A (1983) The nursing process. Ascientific approach to nursing care p170, Mosby:London. nmc-uk.org/Nurses-and-midwives/The-code/The-code-in-full/ Barrett D, Wilson B, Woolands A (2009) Care planning a guide for nurses: Pearson, Essex. nmc-uk.org/Nurses-and-midwives/Advice-by-topic/A/Advice/Consent/ dh.gov.uk/handwashingtechnique Date accessed 11/04/2011 nursingtimes.net/nursing-practice-clinical-research/aseptic-non-touch-technique/206134.article dbh.nhs.uk/Library/Patient_Policies/PAT%20T%2032%20v.1%20-%20Aseptic%20Non%20touch%20Technique%20policy.pdf

Fluid management in dialysis patient Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Fluid management in dialysis patient - Essay Example When a patient is on dialysis, circulation of the blood is on one side of a semipermeable membrane, while, on the other side, a special dialysis fluid is circulated. Blood composition must be closely matched by the dialysis fluid. Urea and creatinin, metabolic waste products, are diffused through the dialysis fluid membrane and discarded, while necessary substance diffusion is prevented by its presence in the dialysis fluid. (Answers.com). Dialysis treatment is demanding for the patient, as they must spend four hours during thrice weekly sessions hooked up to these machines. (Sonnier, 2000, p. 5). Because patients must observe strict dietary and fluid restrictions, there is a great mortality rate that is directly related to non-adherence with the dietary and fluid restriction protocol. Patients must self-care when they are on dialysis, and must comply with their prescribed regimen that is assigned to them when they start dialysis for the first time. Self-care and compliance are different, yet related, terms. There are reasons why patients do not self-care or comply correctly with their prescribed health regimen, and there are solutions that have been put forth. The solutions include increased education about the necessity of self-care, empowerment through education regarding how to self-care and behavioural modification. Self-care is defined as é  he patients deliberate actions regulating his/her functioning and development for health and well-being.(Ricka, et al., 2002, p. 329). Self-care is pertinent to the patients survival and well-being. Compliance is a related term, what that focuses mainly on the correlation between medically prescribed therapeutic regimen compliance and the outcome behaviours. (Ricka, et al., 2002, p. 331). Dietary factors that require compliance include regulating protein intake; limiting electrolytes, such as potassium and sodium; taking vitamin supplements; and lowering fluid

Microeconomics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Microeconomics - Coursework Example It has brought drastic change not only in the mode of business activities, but also communication. It has changed every aspect of human life from studying, working to shopping and socializing. Therefore Internet services have proliferated in every part of this world and its demand is growing every day. Internet services supply in rural areas In this era of the Internet, it has become obvious that sound knowledge of Internet services can lead to success in business, education, research and other avenues. Therefore the demand of the Internet has become high even in rural areas and in every domestic household. The availability of Broadband (high-speed) services has brought revolutionary changes in the demand of Internet services. It is important that the supply of Internet remains equal in all areas. Prieger (2003) has surveyed and concluded that the supply of broadband services is not equal in all areas and there is low availability of the services in rural areas inhabited by poor and minority communities. The other result of this survey is that low supply of Internet in rural areas is due to the low demand in these areas because of market size and low knowledge of computers. A study has construed that broadband services will be unavailable in almost 12 percent of U.S. households because of lack of demand whose one contributory factor is the cost of Internet services (Prieger, 2003, p.347). ... The key factor here is the cost of providing Internet broadband services. In urban areas, due to improved infrastructure and more usage of phone services than rural areas, the supply cost of broadband is low. This makes it convenient for service providers to supply Internet services in rural areas; hence household income is not the considerable factor here (Prieger, 2003, p.359). Moreover, in a developed country like UK, the rural population being considerably lower than urban population, the former does not guarantee high return on investments that need to be made on creating a next-generation broadband. Therefore, it is estimated that almost 33 percent of UK homes will not be supplied with fast broadband services from big internet providers without financial backing from the government. As recently in 2011, there has been an allocation of ? 363 m to develop the broadband services in rural areas of England and Scotland. This is however not considered as sufficient amount to bridge t he supply gap between domestic broadband users and non-users. For instance, Berkshire which has been allocated ? 1.4 m is not likely to receive supply of fast broadband services because it consists of only 8 percent domestic users (Rural Broadband funding ready for England and Scotland, 2011). Household demand of Internet broadband service In America, as part of FCC (Federal Communications Commission), Rosston et al. (2010) have conducted a survey in 2009-2010 to determine the level of household consumer demand of different aspects of the Internet broadband service. A major consideration during this survey was consumers’ eagerness to pay for improved services of eight features of Internet service.

advertisements concerning attention, cognitive learning and motivation

advertisements concerning attention, cognitive learning and motivation 1.0 Executive Summary This proposal examines broad areas of issues in advertisements concerning attention, cognitive learning and motivation in messages as problem in the communication field. The first section elaborates about that background of advertising, followed by the definitions of problems. In the later section, an integrated oriented literature review of previous research conducted will give a short insight of the methods and social research that were carried out. In section 4.0, the objectives of the proposed study will give the highlights what the study can obtain and follow by the methods of research, data collection and analysis. The summary of the proposal is included in the section 6.0, which is the conclusion. 2.0 Background To The Problem 2.01 Advertising Belch and Belch (2004) defined advertising as space or time that is bought by an identified sponsor to use any form of nonpersonal communication elements (e.g., television, radio, magazines, or newspapers) to deliver messages to a large number of individuals of potential consumers, frequently at the same time about an organisation, product or service (Belch Belch, 2004, pp16). Wells, et al (2003) alleged that advertisements strive to satisfy consumers objectives by engaging them and delivering a relevant message. Hence, the consumer may remember the advertisement if it is sufficiently entertaining and possibly learn to relate the advertisement to personal needs. Furthermore, the information extracted from the advertisement may provide incentive and reinforce the consumers decision. Whilst from the advertisers perspective, the definitive objective of placing an advertisement is to persuade or influence consumers to do something. The advertiser aims to move consumers to action by attaining the consumers attention, seizing their interests for a period of time to convince the consumers to change their behaviours, try the advertisers product or build brand loyalty (Wells, el at 2003, pp.5). According to Wells, et al (2003) people are concerned about the society being overrun by advertisements, thus many aspects of ethical advertising issues such as advocacy, accuracy and acquisitiveness are being investigated. Hence, advertisers must make mindful decisions to either adhere or breach the codes of ethics (Wells, el at 2003, pp.30 33). 2.02 Problem Definitions Wells, et al (2003) articulate puffery as one of the key issues in advertising, which is defined as ‘advertising or other sales representation, which praise the item to be sold with subjective opinions and superlatives or exaggerations, vaguely and generally stating no specific proofs, the empirical evidence on the effectiveness of puffery indicated that reasonable people do not believe such claims whilst there are public who expects the advertisers to prove the truth of their superlative messages. Ergo, advertisers are advised to conduct necessary research that verifies facts about ethical messages for effective advertising. Advertisers and advertising agencies that have insights into the minds of the potential consumers views and evidences on their perceptions will prove to be helpful in assessing what are ethical conducts (Wells, el at 2003, pp.33 34). Wells, et al (2003) elucidate ‘subliminal messages is transmitted below the threshold of normal perception, where the receiver is not consciously aware of receiving, the embedment of messages are placed to manipulate. Research has yet to prove subliminal messages can affect behaviours due to physiological limitations, while the results in different research has shown indications that subliminal stimuli can cause some types of minor reactions (Wells, el at 2003, pp.42). This proposed research aims to examine the hierarchy of issues in advertising from the consumers perspectives, hence the research process is designated to investigate the important levels of attention, cognitive learning and motivational messages in advertising. 3.0 Literature Review The evidence from studies on advertising overwhelming indicates that additional studies are needed to cover the broad spectrum of issues concerning advertising practice. Rosbergen, et al (1997) adduce a methodology to examine the effects of physical ads of consumers attention to visuals elements on the accounts of heterogeneity, to inquire when and how consumers devote their attention to commercial stimuli and what determines the consumers attentional strategies and patterns. The proposed methodology was driven by the lack of research conducted on consumer attention, even though the importance of attention has been acknowledged (Rosbergen, et al 1997, pp.305). A growing body of research indicates that exposures to ubiquitous advertisements over a period of time have lead to increased physical dissatisfaction amongst a large proportion of women (Halliwell, el at 2005, pp. 408). Other research findings proved that women portrayed in the advertisements do not control for attractiveness. For example, Posavac, et al (1998) compared viewing fashion models with realistically-sized women ‘you might meet in everyday life. Although they do not report attractiveness ratings, they note that the attractiveness of models is accentuated by artificial means. (Halliwell, el at 2005, pp. 408) There are many theoretical reasons to expect that consumer reactions to advertising are affected by their response to the program or print material in which the advertising is inserted. Indeed many studies have looked at the impact of media context on the effectiveness of advertising. At present, however, two major issues arise with this literature. One concerns the need for more specific theories about how media context can affect advertising as well as the other relates to when context affects advertising positively and when it affects it negatively. (Halliwell, el at 2005, pp. 408) Researchers increasingly recognise the interest in on the psychology of consumers has been steadily on the rise. Much of this research has focused on changes in information processing (e.g., Roedder-John and Cole 1986). The research indicates that, consumers of different ages have different level of susceptibility to misleading advertising (Gaeth and Heath 1987) and the truth-inflating effects of repetition (Law, Hawkins, and Craik 1998; Skurnik et al. 2005). The research has shown evidences that consumers of younger age rely more on schema-based whilst older consumers adopt detailed processing strategies. However, aging also has important effects on motivational processes that can significantly affect information processing. In particular, aging is associated with an increase in the motivation to attend to emotional versus factual information (e.g., Labouvie-Vief and Blanchard-Fields 1982; Williams Drolet, 2005, pp.343) Williams and Drolet (2005) conducted their first study on how time horizon perspective affects older and young adult consumers attitudes toward and recall of emotional (vs. rational) appeals. The experiment 1 design was a 2 (age group: older vs. young) x 2 (appeal type: emotional vs. rational) x 3 (time horizon perspective: limited vs. expansive vs. control). In control conditions, where the researchers were expecting age to interact with appeal type that: (1) older participants will have more favourable attitudes toward and better recall of emotional (vs. rational) appeals and (2) young participants will have more favourable attitudes toward and better recall of rational (vs. emotional) appeals (Williams Drolet, 2005, pp.345). Additionally to expectation time horizon perspective to moderate the above effects such that in limited time horizon conditions, where researchers anticipate young participants will show increased attitudes toward and recall of emotional (vs. rational) appeals. In expansive time horizon conditions, Williams and Drolet (2005) look at the prospect of older participants showing increased attitudes toward and recall of rational (vs. emotional) appeals (Williams Drolet, 2005, pp.346) From the analysis tested for potential differences due to the use of two different products (coffee and film), the results indicated no significant differences in results (all ps 1 .30), and analysis are collapsed across the two products. The product categories were tested to use as a potential covariate in the analysis. No effects were significant ( ps 1 .30) and were not discussed further. As expected by Williams and Drolet (2005) the findings from Experiment 1 indicated that in the control time horizon conditions, older participants had greater liking and recall of the emotional appeals whilst the younger participants had greater liking and recall of the rational appeals. Whilst in limited time horizon conditions, both older and young participants attitudinal and memory responses were higher for the emotional appeals. In contrast, in the expansive time horizon conditions, the attitudinal and memory responses were higher for the rational appeals for both groups. As an afterword for Experiment 1, which have proven that age and time horizon perspective moderate responses to emotional and rational appeals to older and young adults. The results compiled from Experiment 1 differ from results of previous research (e.g. Fung and Carstensen 2003), which had inadequate evidence.(Williams Drolet, 2005, pp.345) In Experiment 2, Williams and Drolet (2005) examine how differences in age and time horizon perspective influence consumers attitudes toward and recall of emotional appeals that focus on the avoidance of negative emotional experiences. Participants were instructed to read either a positively framed or negatively framed emotional appeal of one of two emotional products. After reading the appeal, participants were required to answer questions about their attitudes toward products. After that, participants were required to do manipulation checks and answered product use and demographic questions. Lastly, participants were asked to recall all they could about the appeal that they have read earlier (Williams Drolet, 2005, pp.349 50). Williams and Drolet (2005) tested for differences by using two emotional products (greeting cards and flowers). The analysis found no significant differences in results ( ps 1 .30). Hence, Experiment 2 have shown indications that aging and time horizon perspective impact and preferences for emotional versus rational appeals, but also preferences for different types of emotional appeals. Specifically, that avoidance of negative emotional outcomes is more preferable and has higher memory retention among both groups of older and younger participants in limited time horizon view. On the contrary, younger and older participants who had an expansive time horizon view generated were preferably higher on positive emotions and are more memorable (Williams Drolet, 2005, pp.351). Gunter, et el (2005) have preliminary evidence that can lead advertisers to believe that effectiveness of advertisements on consumers retention and comprehension of messages relies on the placement of television programs, positioning of ads in print materials or radio airtime. The nature of the advertising environment can affect memory for embedded advertising as a result of cognitive interference effects when and where the advertisement formats are congruent semantically (Furnham, Bergland, Gunter, 2002;Furnham, Gunter, Richardson, 1999) or in terms of format (Gunter, Baluch, Duffy, Furnham, 2001); or as a function of program-induced moods (Goldberg Corn, 1987; Kamins, Marks Skinner, 1991; Schumann, 1986). Arousal (Mundorf, Zillman, Drew, 199 1; Pavelchak, Antil, Munch, 1988), or excitement (Singh, Churchill, Hitchon, 1987). While unpleasant arousal or interference can impede memory for embedded advertisements, the degree to which any advertisement format involves or appeals also can affect memory (Gunter, et al 2005, pp. 1680) 4.0 Objective of Proposed Research The objective of the research is to provide advertisers and advertising agencies to have insights to create ethical, effective and efficient advertisements to publics. The collection and analysis of consumers personal information from various electronic media and tools with the advancements and improvements in the new age of technologies and research methods, advertisers are able to analyse consumers information, perception and behaviours. 4.01 Methods This study aims to investigate which element in advertising precedes primary in the minds of the consumers, by taking into account the possible role of attention, puffery and motivational messages in advertising. The use of focus group interviews allows researchers to generate information that can be used to design effective, ethical and efficient messages in advertising. Focus group interviews can provide researchers with relevant perceptions and attitudes of selected participants (Frey, et al 2000, pp.221). In addition for more insight and higher success of the interviews, four facilitators will be acquired to guide and lead the focus group interviews. The facilitators will introduce the topics; encourage participations and probes for more information. The participants will be exposed to advertisements of different materials (e.g., television commercials, radio commercials, magazines ads, or newspapers ads). The participants will be divided into four focus groups that will be videotaped and recorded with written consents given by the participants. Every participant will be asked to provide demographic information including age, gender, race, ethnicity, marital status, and religion. The members of the research team were present to greet and support the focus group, by playing the roles of complete participant, participant observer, observer participant and complete observer via listening to the discussions, and record field notes (Frey, et al 2000, pp.269). Male and female participants will be assigned randomly to 4 treatment conditions, ensuring equal numbers of 5 each gender per condition: Group 1- television commercials and magazine print ads; Group 2- radio commercials and newspaper ads; Group 3- television commercials and radio commercials; and Group 4 magazine print ads and newspaper ads. Each group will spend 30 minutes on the different advertising formats that will be played in a small theatre room that will be fully equipped with a large screen, enhanced audio systems, desks and refreshments. After observing the different formats of advertising, each group will be lead into discussions by the facilitators, where participants will be encouraged to express themselves freely about their experiences, opinions and perceptions. Before finalising the focus group sessions, participants will be given three set of questionnaires to answer. Commercials rating questionnaire. On the program rating questionnaire, participants will use a 10-point scale to rate the advertisements, which they have watch, heard or seen in the focus group session on 12 evaluative scales (absorbing, hostile, arousing, disturbing, engaging, entertaining, enjoyable, exciting, happy, violent, interesting, and involving). Each scale ranged from 1 (not at an> to 10 (extremely). Free-recall questionnaire. A free-recall questionnaire will ask participants to write everything they could remember about the advertisements that they saw. They will be required to write down the name of the product and the brand advertised, and any details of the advertising message. Such details could include specific product-related information, such as price, promotional appeals, specific strengths or benefits, presence of celebrity endorser, and other idiosyncratic features of the advertisement. Brand recognition questionnaire. A brand recognition questionnaire will test participants memory for the brands advertised in the duration of the focus group. Participants will be asked to indicate as many brands as they could remember that appeared during the focus group. Each correct answer was scored 1 point, while incorrect choices were given 0 points. 4.02 Data Collection and Analysis All the members of the research team who will engage in a series of meetings to review and compare the four focus groups coding schemes The meetings will audio-recorded, and then the selected portions of the recordings were transcribed to review dialogue through which concepts will be refined. Metaphor analysis and fantasy theme analysis can best complement the data collected from the focus groups interviews. Metaphor analysis will allow researchers to investigate into participants figures of speech in a word or phrase that denotes one object to another, while fantasy theme analysis allows participants to interact between one another and share stories and experiences (Frey, et al 2000, pp.285). The questionnaires will be content-analysed and compared against a pretested list of salient points that had been identified for each advertisement. The research will be compiled into an informal structure report written by the researchers in first-person singular voice, which signifies rhetorical assumption of naturalistic paradigm (Frey, et al 2000, pp.20). Every participant will be treated as a unit of analysis in analytic strategy to consider the participants behaviours, attitudes, perception and cognitive process. 5.0 Timeline The proposed timeline of research is as below: Week 1 Selecting Respondents Or Target Participants Week 2 Setting the environment for focus groups Week 3 Conducting Focus Group Interviews Week 4 Conducting Focus Group Interviews Week 5 Collection of Data Week 6 Compiling Of Data and Transfer Data Into Transcripts Week 7 Analysis Of Data Week 8 Compilation of Report Week 9 Compilation Of Report 6.0 Conclusion The proposed study has important social implications that can provide advertisers and advertising agencies with more concrete and overwhelming findings to help overcome the issues that are threatening the effects and impacts of advertising on individuals. Hence, the study can result in advertisers creating ethical, efficient and effective advertisements that can influence and persuade individuals with motivational messages that affect emotional appeals positively. 7.0 References Belch, G. E. Belch, M. A. 2004, Advertising and Promotion: An Integrated Marketing Communication Perspective, 6th edn, McGraw Hill, Singapore. Frey, L., Botan, C. Kreps, G. 2000, Investigating Communication: An Introduction to Research Methods, 2nd edn, Allyn Bacon, Needham Heights, MA. Gunter, B., Furnham, A. Pappa, E. 2005, Effects of television violence on memory for violent and nonviolent advertising, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, vol 35, no. 8, pp. 1680 97. Halliwell, E., Dittmar, H. Howe, J. 2005, The impact of advertisements featuring ultra-thin or average-size models on women with a history of eating disorders, Journal of Community Applied Social Psychology, vol 15, pp. 406 13. Jacoby, J. Hoyer, H. W. 2002, Viewer miscomprehension of televised communication: Selected findings, Advertising Social Review, viewed 16 October 2009,http://muse.jhu.edu.ezproxy.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/advertising_and_society_review/v001/1.1jacoby.html Rosbergen, E., Pieters, R. Wedel, M. 1997, Visual attention to advertising: A segment level analysis, Journal of Consumer Research, vol 24, pp. 305 -15. Wells, W., Burnett, J. Moriarty, S. 2003, Advertising: Principles and Practice, 6th edn, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Williams, P. Drolet, A. 2005, ‘Age related differences in responses to emotional advertisements, Journal of Consumer Research, vol.32, pp. 343 55.